| Recommended Dose and Dosage Regimen | The recommended starting dose of lisinopril for hypertension in adults is usually 10 mg once daily. Depending on the individual’s blood pressure response, the dosage may be titrated upwards to a maximum of 40 mg daily in one or two divided doses. For heart failure, the initial dose is typically lower, around 2.5-5 mg once daily, with gradual titration up to a target maintenance dose. For post-myocardial infarction patients, the initial dose is usually 5 mg once daily, followed by titration to 10 mg once daily after a few days. Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions regarding dosing. |
| Frequency of Administration | Lisinopril is usually taken once daily. |
| Route of Administration | Lisinopril is administered orally in the form of tablets. |
| Mechanism of Action (MOA) | Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It works by inhibiting ACE, thereby preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This leads to vasodilation, reduced aldosterone secretion, and decreased sodium and water retention, resulting in decreased blood pressure. |
| Pharmacokinetics (PK) | Lisinopril is well absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations achieved within 6 hours. It is not significantly metabolized by the liver and is excreted primarily unchanged in the urine. The elimination half-life is around 12 hours. |
| Pharmacodynamics (PD) | Lisinopril exerts its pharmacodynamic effects by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to vasodilation, reduced blood pressure, and decreased cardiac workload. It also has protective effects on the heart and kidneys in conditions such as heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. |
| Pathophysiology | Lisinopril is used in the management of hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, and to improve survival following myocardial infarction (heart attack). It may also be used for certain kidney conditions, such as diabetic nephropathy. |
| Primary Indications | Hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, post-myocardial infarction (heart attack), diabetic nephropathy. |
| Contraindications | Contraindications to lisinopril use include hypersensitivity to lisinopril or other ACE inhibitors, a history of angioedema related to previous ACE inhibitor therapy, and pregnancy (especially in the second and third trimesters). Use caution in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or a history of hereditary or idiopathic angioedema. |
| Purpose of Taking Medication | The purpose of lisinopril is to lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, improve symptoms and outcomes in heart failure, and protect the kidneys in certain conditions associated with kidney damage. |
| Usage Instructions | Take lisinopril exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. It may be taken with or without food. Swallow the tablets whole with a glass of water. Do not stop taking lisinopril without consulting your doctor, even if you feel well. |
| Precautions and Care | Patients taking lisinopril should be monitored regularly for blood pressure control, renal function, and electrolyte levels. Dehydration, excessive sweating, and concomitant use of diuretics may increase the risk of hypotension and renal impairment. Avoid sudden discontinuation of lisinopril, as this may lead to rebound hypertension. |
| Dietary Considerations | There are no specific dietary restrictions associated with lisinopril use. However, maintaining a healthy diet low in sodium and saturated fats may complement treatment and help control blood pressure. |
| Missed Dose | If a dose of lisinopril is missed, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your regular dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up. |
| Possible Side Effects | Common side effects of lisinopril may include dizziness, headache, fatigue, cough, and gastrointestinal upset. Rare but serious side effects may include hypotension, hyperkalemia, angioedema, and renal impairment. |
| Storage and Disposal | Store lisinopril tablets at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Keep the medication in its original packaging and out of reach of children and pets. Dispose of unused or expired medication according to local regulations. |
| Overdose or Emergency | In case of overdose, seek emergency medical attention or contact a poison control center immediately. Symptoms may include severe hypotension, electrolyte disturbances, and renal failure. |
| Monitoring and Laboratory Tests | Patients taking lisinopril may require regular monitoring of blood pressure, renal function (serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate), electrolytes (potassium), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Additional tests may be performed based on individual clinical needs and risk factors. |
