Dosage and Frequency:
- The typical dosage of glucagon for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia in adults and children over the age of 6 is 1 milligram administered via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.
- For children under 6 years old, the recommended dose is 0.5 milligrams.
- In emergency situations, the dosage may need to be adjusted based on the individual’s response and the severity of hypoglycemia.
- Glucagon is administered as needed during episodes of severe hypoglycemia.
- It is typically used in emergency situations when a person with diabetes is unable to consume carbohydrates orally.
Route of Administration (ROA):
- Glucagon is available in powder form, which must be reconstituted with sterile water before administration.
- After reconstitution, it is injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
- In some cases, healthcare professionals may administer glucagon intravenously in hospital settings.
Mechanism of Action (MOA):
- Glucagon works by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream.
- This process, known as glycogenolysis, helps to rapidly raise blood glucose levels during episodes of hypoglycemia.
Pharmacokinetics (PK):
- Glucagon is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream after subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.
- Peak blood levels are typically reached within 30 minutes to 1 hour after administration.
- The duration of action of glucagon is relatively short, usually lasting for about 90 minutes.
Pharmacodynamics (PD):
- Glucagon acts quickly to raise blood glucose levels, usually within 10 to 20 minutes after injection.
- Its effects are short-lived, so blood glucose levels may need to be monitored closely following administration.
Pathophysiology:
- Glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas.
- It plays a critical role in the regulation of blood glucose levels by opposing the action of insulin.
- Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, which helps to prevent hypoglycemia during periods of fasting or low blood sugar.
Indications:
- Glucagon is indicated for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia in individuals with diabetes who are unable to consume carbohydrates orally.
- It is used in emergency situations when a person with diabetes becomes unconscious or is unable to swallow due to hypoglycemia.
Contraindications:
- Glucagon should not be used in patients with pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor of the adrenal glands, as it can cause a dangerous increase in blood pressure.
- It is also contraindicated in patients with insulinoma, a rare tumor of the pancreas, as it can stimulate the release of insulin and worsen hypoglycemia.
- Individuals with a known hypersensitivity to glucagon or any of its components should also avoid its use.
Drug Interactions:
- Glucagon may interact with beta-blockers, such as propranolol, which can inhibit the glycogenolytic effect of glucagon.
- Additionally, glucagon may have additive effects with other medications that increase blood glucose levels, such as corticosteroids or sympathomimetic agents.
Medication Information and Guidelines
| Purpose of taking Glucagon: Glucagon is used to treat severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in people with diabetes who are unable to take oral carbohydrates. It rapidly raises blood sugar levels to prevent or treat loss of consciousness or seizures due to hypoglycemia. How to use Glucagon: Glucagon is available as a powder in a vial and must be reconstituted with sterile water before injection. It is administered as a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection into the thigh, upper arm, or buttocks. Healthcare providers or caregivers should be trained on how to properly administer glucagon in emergency situations. Other reasons for using Glucagon: Glucagon may also be used to relax the stomach and intestines during certain medical procedures or diagnostic tests. Specific precautions and considerations: Glucagon should only be used in cases of severe hypoglycemia and should not replace oral carbohydrates as the primary treatment for mild to moderate hypoglycemia. Individuals with adrenal insufficiency or insulinoma should use glucagon cautiously, as it may exacerbate these conditions. Dietary changes while on Glucagon: There are no specific dietary changes required while taking glucagon. However, it is important to follow a balanced diet to help manage blood sugar levels. If you forget to take a dose: Glucagon is typically administered as needed during episodes of severe hypoglycemia. If a dose is missed, seek medical attention immediately and follow the healthcare provider’s instructions. Possible side effects: Common side effects of glucagon may include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and injection site reactions. Severe allergic reactions are rare but possible. Seek medical help immediately if you experience symptoms such as rash, itching, difficulty breathing, or swelling of the face, tongue, or throat. Storage and disposal: Glucagon should be stored at room temperature between 20-25°C (68-77°F). Avoid freezing or exposing it to high temperatures. Once reconstituted, glucagon should be used immediately. Discard any unused portion. Dispose of used needles and syringes in a puncture-resistant container according to local regulations. In case of overdose or emergency situation: If an overdose of glucagon is suspected, seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center. In case of an emergency situation such as severe hypoglycemia, administer glucagon as directed by a healthcare provider or follow emergency protocols. If the person is unconscious, call emergency services for assistance. |